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Stuart period (England)

The Royal House of Stuart

Preceded by	House of Tudor
Followed by	House of Hanover

The Stuart period of English and British history refers to the period between 1603 and 1714, while in Scotland it begins in 1371. These dates coincide with the rule of the Scottish royal House of Stuart, whose first monarch to rule England was James I & VI. The death of Queen Elizabeth I, the last of the Tudors, without any descendants and without an English heir, left her two kingdoms of England and Ireland to be ruled by Elizabeth's closest heir, the Scottish king. The regicide of King Charles I brought a temporary end to the rule of the Stuarts, when England became a Republic under Oliver Cromwell. The Stuarts were restored to the throne under Charles II in 1660. The Stuart period ended with the death of Queen Anne and the accession of George I of the House of Hanover.

The Stuart era experienced many changes: the Gunpowder Plot, civil and foreign wars, a regicide, a republic, the great plague, the Great Fire of London and the Glorious Revolution. This was the era of Shakespeare, Wren, Galileo, Newton and Pepys, to name but a few. The era saw the settlement of the Americas, trade with the Spice Islands, the birth of steam engines, microscopes, coffee houses and newspapers.

1 Flags, coins and styles (1606–1707)
2 Lifestyles of the period
3 Notable events
4 Stuart family Monarchs (1603–1714)
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Flags, coins and styles (1606–1707)

This James I proclamation of 12 April 1606 legislated an amalgamation of the English and Scottish flags, initiating the design of the first Union Flag.

By the King: Whereas, some differences hath arisen between Our subjects of South and North Britaine travelling by Seas, about the bearing of their Flagges: For the avoiding of all contentions hereafter. We have, with the advice of our Council, ordered: That from henceforth all our Subjects of this Isle and Kingdome of Great Britaine, and all our members thereof, shall beare in their main-toppe the Red Crosse, commonly called St. George's Crosse, and the White Crosse, commonly called St. Andrew's Cross, joyned together according to the forme made by our heralds, and sent by Us to our 'Admerall' to be published to our Subjects: and in their fore-toppe our Subjects of South Britaine shall weare the Red Crosse onely as they were wont, and our Subjects of North Britaine in their fore-toppe the White Crosse onely as they were accustomed. – 1606.^[1]^[2]

The miraculous and happy Union of England and Scotland, by how 'admirable' means it is effected, how profitable to both nations, and how free of any inconvenience, either past, present, or to be discerned.^[3]

James I was the first British monarch to use the style "King of Great Britain." ^[2] Non-statutory use of this style is found on heraldic and vexillogical symbolism, such as the king's Great Seals of Office, the Royal Arms, and coinage. The style "King of Great Britain" (MAGNAE BRITANNIAE REX) appears on all Great Seals instead of the more formally correct "king of England and Scotland" (ANGLIAE SCOTIAE REX) in 1625–1627, 1640–1649, 1660–1689, and 1695–1707. The coins of James I and his successors used MAGNAE BRITANNIAE REX, as seen on the half crown of Charles II. ^[4]

Lifestyles of the period

Main article: Social history of England

Social lifestyles

Many structures were placed on society by the Puritans. Amongst other things, the Puritans banned gambling, cockfights, the theatre, and even Christmas. The arrival of Charles II brought relief from the warlike and strict society that people had lived in for several years. The theatre returned, along with expensive fashions such as the periwig. The British Empire had been expanding since the Elizabethian era, and along with much wealth returning to the country, expensive luxury items were appearing. Sugar and coffee from the East Indies, tea from India and slaves from Africa were all essential items forming the backbone of trade, becoming the basis of London society. One person in nine is estimated to have lived in London near the end of the Stuart period and, as a hub of trade, expensive goods from all over accumulated there. Coffee houses were becoming the centers of business and social life. Only coffee, tea and chocolate were served (no alcohol). Here news could be had, conversation, arguments, meetings, card games, wagers made, workmen could be paid. These products can be considered as beginning the consumer society which, while it promoted trade and brought development and riches to society, helped widen the gap between rich and poor. At the beginning of the Stuart period, James I authorised a new translation of the Bible known as the King James Bible or Authorised Version. This was an important event in clearly separating the Anglican and Catholic churches, just as the Book of Common Prayer had done fifty years earlier. As a standard text it was also a major influence on English literature, language and thought for centuries to come. Newspapers, a fairly new invention, soon became important tools of social discourse, and diarists such as Samuel Pepys are some of the best sources we have of everyday life in Restoration England.

Political society

The Stuart period was plagued by political, internal and religious strife. During the Interregnum there were two types of government: the Commonwealth and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. Both these governments were based on the rule of the same class of gentry and wealthy merchants, who had formed the majority of the electorate to Parliament before the Civil War. The old ruling class faced challenges to their position by other sections of society. The most important of these were the Levellers, who wished to "level" society, removing class distinctions to make all men equal. They wished for universal suffrage for all adult male householders, regular elections and abolition of all tithes – which would break the power of the established church.

Public transport

Since 1600 public carriages for hire were a feature of London life. Travel by coach was the regular public transport, which filled the road with traffic. The discarded coaches of aristocratic families, complete with their coat of arms, were among the first hackney carriages to ply for hire. The first hackney-carriage licences date from 1662, and applied literally to horse-drawn carriages, later modernised as Hansom cabs (1834), that operated as vehicles for hire. This public transport was first introduced to England by Captain Bailey, who standardised fares and issued licences for London Hackney Carriage. Road signs and the first road atlas by John Ogilvy further revolutionised the transport system, and standardised the mile.

Science and technology

The Fire Office of Nicholas Barbon led to the development of the first professional fire service.
The seed drill allowed Jethro Tull to put his revolutionary new planting techniques into practice, leading to modern agriculture.
The fountain pen was first mentioned in the diaries of Samuel Pepys and it allowed him to write on the move.
Colourfast dyes were created in Britain’s first chemical works at Ravenscar when supplies of the mordant alum were cut-off.
The three-piece suit and necktie were created by Charles II as a political weapon in his war against France.
Properties of gases investigated by Robert Boyle and Richard Towneley led to the invention of the pressure cooker.
The steam engine was invented by Thomas Newcomen to drain water from the coalmines of the Midlands.
The pendulum clock based on Galileo's principles was invented by Christiaan Huygens and led to the establishment of GMT.
Lunar observations of John Wilkins based on the previous observations of Galileo challenged long held views of the heavens.
Principia by Isaac Newton established three simple laws that revolutionised our view of the universe.
The microscope as refined by Robert Hook and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek allowed the microscopic world to be viewed in detail.
The diving bell as refined by Edmund Halley allowed the investigation of the depths of the ocean.
The micrometer devised by William Gascoigne proved Johannes Kepler’s theories of elliptical planetary motion.

Literature and art

This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.

Wm. Shakespeare (1564–1616).^[5]

William Shakespeare (1564–1616), English poet and playwright, is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon", producing most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the sixteenth century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language.
John Speed (1552–1629) was a historian, best remembered as a cartographer. It was with the encouragement of William Camden that he began his Historie of Great Britaine, first published in 1611. His atlas The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine was published in 1610/11, and contained the first set of individual county maps of England and Wales, maps of Ireland, and a general map of Scotland. Just before his death in 1627 Speed published A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World, which was the first world atlas produced by an Englishman. In 1611, he also published The genealogies recorded in the Sacred Scriptures according to every family and tribe with the line of Our Savior Jesus Christ observed from Adam to the Blessed Virgin Mary, a biblical genealogy, reprinted several times during the 17th century.^[6]
John Milton
Andrew Marvell

Notable events

Gunpowder Plot (1605)

Main article: Gunpowder Plot

On the 5th of November we began our Parliament, to which the King should have come in person, but refrained
through a practise but that morning discovered. The plot was to have blown up the King at such time as he should have been set on his Royal Throne, accompanied with all his Children, Nobility and Commoners and assisted with all Bishops, Judges and Doctors; at one instant and blast to have ruin'd the whole State and Kingdom of England.
And for the effecting of this, there was placed under the Parliament House, where the king should sit,
some 30 barrels of powder, with good store of wood, faggots, pieces and bars of iron.
Extract of a letter from Sir Edward Hoby (Gentleman of the Bedchamber) to Sir Thomas Edwards, Ambassador at Brussells [sic]^[7]

English Civil War (1629-1651)

v t e Wars of the Three Kingdoms

Bishops' Wars • Scottish Civil War; Irish Confederate Wars • Cromwellian conquest of Ireland English Civil Wars (First • Second • Third)

The English Civil War(s), also known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, took place in the reign of Charles I, the second 'British' Stuart monarch. This ended in victory for the Parliamentarians under Oliver Cromwell, when Charles I was executed in 1649.

Charles I (1625–1649)

1629 Charles I dissolves Parliament determined to govern without one.
1633 Archbishop Laud translated to be Archbishop of Canterbury
1634-40 Ship Money Case
1637 Hampden's case supports Charles I's claim to collect Ship money
1637-40 Breakdown of Charles's government of Scotland and two attempts to impose his will by force
1640 Long Parliament summoned
1641 Remodeling of the government in England and Scotland; abolition of conciliar courts.
1642 King Charles raised standard at Nottingham. The Battle of Edgehill (Indecisive).
1644 Battle of Marston Moor (Parliamentary Victory)
1645 Battle of Naseby (Parliamentary Victory)
1646 Charles I surrendered to Scottish Army.
1648 Royalist and Presbyterian rising suppressed by Cromwell and New Model Army.
1649 Charles I beheaded.
1649-50 Cromwell Invaded Ireland
1650 Cromwell defeated Royalists under "King Charles II" at Dunbar, Scotland.
1651 Battle of Worcester, the last battle of the Civil War, Parliamentary Victory.

After this conflict the line of Stuart monarchs was temporarily displaced by the Commonwealth of England (1649–1660). This was ruled directly by Oliver Cromwell (1653–1659). After Cromwell's death the Commonwealth fell apart and the Convention Parliament welcomed Charles II, to return from exile to become king. This is known as the Restoration.

Interregnum – Restoration (1651–1660)

Timeline

(1652): First Anglo-Dutch War begins (ends 1654). (1653): Cromwell dissolves Rump, becomes Protector. (1655): Major-Generals appointed to supervise districts of England. Jamaica seized by English. (1658): Death of Cromwell. (1660): Restoration of Charles II in Britain. (future) George I born in Hanover. Royal Society founded. (1661): "Clarendon Code" beginning of persecution of Non-conformists in England. (1664): New York taken by English. Second Anglo-Dutch War (ends 1667). (1665): Great Plague of London. (1666): Great Fire of London. Newton discovers law of gravitation. (1667): Dutch Fleet in the Medway. (1670): Secret treaty of Dover between Charles II and Louis XIV. (1672): Third Anglo-Dutch Wars (ends 1674). William of Orange leader of Dutch against French invasion. (1673): Test Act deprives Catholics and Non-conformists of public offices. (1675): Greenwich Royal Observatory founded. (1678): "Popish Plot" of Titus Oates utilised by Shaftsbury and Whigs to bring pressure on Charles II. (1679): Bothwell Brig: suppression of Scottish Covenanters. Habeas Corpus Act passed. (1681): Oxford Parliament (1681): Charles II overcomes opponents begins to rule without Parliament. (1683): Rye House Plot. (1685): Sedgemoor: Monmouths rebellion crushed by James II. Glorious revolution (1688)

Great Plague of London (1665)

Main article: Great Plague of London

The Great Plague (1665–1666) was massive outbreak of bubonic plague in the Kingdom of England that killed an estimated 100,000 people, 20% of London's population.^[8] In 1603, the plague killed 30,000 Londoners.^[9] In the 1636 plague 10,000 died; in 1625, some 35,000 died.^[10] The English outbreak is thought to have spread from the Netherlands, where the bubonic plague had occurred intermittently since 1599, with the initial contagion arriving with Dutch trading ships carrying bales of cotton from Amsterdam. Amsterdam was ravaged in 1663–1664, with a mortality given as 50,000.^[11] The dock areas outside of London, and the parish of St. Giles-in-the Fields where poor workers crowded into ill-kept structures, were the first areas struck by the plague. On 2 and 3 September 1666, the Great Fire of London destroyed much of the City of London. At about the same time, the plague tapered off.

London Bridge (far right), a notorious death-trap in case of fire, although much had been destroyed in an earlier fire in 1632.

Great Fire of London (1666)

Main article: Great Fire of London

The fire of London started on pudding lane in a Bakers house. The baker didn't put the fire out properly, and in the night when they were all asleep a spark flew out and set the house on fire. The flames spread quickly because the houses were close together and there were strong winds. The fire took 3 days to put out.

Following the Great Fire of London, the notable architect Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723), introduced Neo-classical architecture to London, and was one of the highest acclaimed English architects in history, responsible for rebuilding 51 churches in the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666, including his masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral, completed in 1710.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

Timeline

(1688): Seven Bishops protest against James II's policy of toleration, and are acquitted, William of Orange lands in England. Flight of James II. "Glorious Revolution". (1689): Derry relieved: James II fails to subdue Irish Protestants. Killiecrankie: death of Dundee, Highland rising collapses. Bill of Rights defines liberties established by "Glorious Revolution." (1690): Beachy Head: French defeat over Anglo-Dutch fleet. Boyne: William III defeats James II. (1691): Limerick capitulates: James II Irish supporters surrender. (1692): Massacre of Glencoe: Government "lesson" to Highlanders. (1693): National Debt of England begun. (1694): Bank of England founded. (1695): Press licensing ended: Freedom of the press in England. (1700): Great Northern War (1700–1721) (1701): War of the Spanish Succession begins. Act of Settlement 1701 establishes Protestant Hanoverian Succession in England. (1704): Gibraltar taken by Rooke. Blenheim: Marlborough stops France from winning war. (1706): Ramillies: Marlborough's second victory.

Acts of Union (1707)

(1707): Acts of Union ratify the 1706 Treaty of Union, uniting the English and Scottish Parliaments and creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. (1708): Oudenarde: Marlboroughs third great victory. (1709): Malplaquet: Marlboroughs fourth great victory (at great cost in lives) (1710): Tory government in England. (1711): Dismissal of Marlborough. (1714): Death of Queen Anne. Accession of George I, and Hanoverian Dynasty. Whig oligarchy rules.

v t e War of the Spanish Succession: North America

Quebec and Newfoundland: Newfoundland 1st St. John's 2nd St. John's Fort Albany Quebec Acadia and New England: Northeast Coast Deerfield Grand Pré 1st Port Royal Haverhill 2nd Port Royal Bloody Creek Carolina and Florida: Flint River St. Augustine Apalachee Charles Town Pensacola

Act of Union 1707: That the two kingdoms of Scotland and England shall,
upon the Ist day of May next ensuing the date hereof, and for ever after,
be united into one kingdom by the name of Great Britain,
and that the ensigns armorial of the said United Kingdom be such
as Her Majesty shall appoint,
and the crosses of St. Andrew and St. George be conjoined in such manner
as Her Majesty shall think fit,
and used in all flags, banners, standards and ensigns, both at sea and land.

Stuart family Monarchs (1603–1714)

The House of Stuart produced six English monarchs who ruled during this period. The succession of James VI of Scotland to the English throne in 1603, brought both the kingdoms of England and Scotland under his rule, in what was known as the Union of Crowns. Over a century later, the Acts of Union 1707, passed during the reign of the last Stuart monarch, Anne, amalgamated the two kingdoms, England and Scotland, into a single Kingdom of Great Britain.

James I	Charles I
Charles II	James II
Mary II	Anne

Arms of the Stuart monarchs 1603-1707	Commonwealth
England Arms	St. George
Scotland Arms	Scots saltire

King James I (1603 to 1625). Son of Mary Queen of Scots and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. King of Scotland alone, 1567–1603, until inheriting the titles King of England and Ireland, including claim to France from the extinct Tudors.

King Charles I (1625 to 1649). Son of James VI of Scotland & I of England & Ireland. After the English Civil War, Charles I was executed in 1649. The country then became a Republic under Oliver Cromwell, until the restoration of Charles II in 1660.

King Charles II (1660 to 1685). Son of Charles I of England, Scotland & Ireland. In exile from 1649 to 1660, during a republican period of government known as the Commonwealth of England.

King James II (1685 to 1688). Brother of Charles II of England, Scotland & Ireland, who died with no legitimate issue. Son of Charles I. Overthrown at the Revolution of 1688.

Queen Mary II (1689 to 1702). Daughter of James II of England and Ireland & VII of Scotland, (deemed as having abdicated). Reigned with William III of House of Orange-Nassau. who outlived his wife.

Queen Anne (1702 to 1714). Sister of Mary II. daughter of James II of England and Ireland & VII of Scotland. Died without surviving issue, succession passes to George I of the House of Hanover.

Queen Anne's Family Tree

16. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley

8. James I of England

17. Mary, Queen of Scots

4. Charles I of England

18. Frederick II of Denmark

9. Princess Anne of Denmark

19. Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

2. James II of England

20. Antoine of Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme

10. Henry IV of France

21. Jeanne III of Navarre

5. Princess Henrietta Maria of France

22. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

11. Marie de' Medici

23. Archduchess Johanna of Austria

1. Anne of Great Britain

24. Lawrence Hyde

12. Henry Hyde

25. Anne Sibell

6. Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon

26. Edward Langford

13. Mary Langford

27. Mary Hyde

3. Anne Hyde

28. William Aylesbury

14. Sir Thomas Aylesbury

29. Anne Poole

7. Frances Aylesbury

30. Francis Denman

15. Anne Denman

31. Anne Blount

Anne became Queen regnant of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1702, succeeding William III. When James II was deemed abdicated during the Glorious Revolution (1688–89), her sister and brother-in-law became joint monarchs William III and Mary II. After Mary's death in 1694, William was monarch until his death in 1702. Queen Anne's War (1702–1713), between France and England (later Great Britain) was fought in North America, as part of the War of the Spanish Succession, primarily fought in Europe. Anne reigned until 1714; The last Stuart Queen of England and Scotland - and of this Stuart period.

1629 Charles I dissolves Parliament determined to govern without one.
1633 Archbishop Laud translated to be Archbishop of Canterbury
1634–40 Ship Money Case
1637 Hampden's case supports Charles I's claim to collect Ship money
1637–40 Breakdown of Charles's government of Scotland and two attempts to impose his will by force
1640 Long Parliament summoned
1641 Remodeling of the government in England and Scotland; abolition of conciliar courts.
1642 King Charles raised standard at Nottingham. The Battle of Edgehill (Indecisive).
1644 Battle of Marston Moor (Parliamentary Victory)
1645 Battle of Naseby (Parliamentary Victory)
1646 Charles I surrendered to Scottish Army.
1648 Royalist and Presbyterian rising suppressed by Cromwell and New Model Army.
1649 Charles I beheaded.
1649–50 Cromwell Invaded Ireland
1650 Cromwell defeated Royalists under "King Charles II" at Dunbar, Scotland.
1651 Battle of Worcester, the last battle of the Civil War, Parliamentary Victory.

After this conflict the line of Stuart monarchs was temporarily displaced by the Commonwealth of England (1649 to 1660). This was ruled directly by Oliver Cromwell in the period 1653 to 1659. After Cromwell's death the Commonwealth fell apart and the Convention Parliament welcomed Charles II, son of Charles I to return from exile and become king. This event was known as the English Restoration.

James II

1689 Battle of Bantry Bay: French defeat English off SW Ireland

French vs English near Casquets

Beachy Head: (Beveziers) French defeat Anglo-Dutch fleet

French vs English and Dutch near Madras

Mary II

1692 Barfleur and La Hougue Decisive defeat of French by English and Dutch in the War of the Grand Alliance

French defeat English+

Dogger Bank: French defeat Dutch

French and English fight in Newfoundland

Fight near San Domingo

Scottish Wars (1603–1715)

Scottish wars (1603–1714)

Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms

Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms

Date	1644—1651
Location	Scotland
Result	Covenanters defeat Royalists but are themselves defeated by an English Parliamentarian conquest of Scotland in 1650–51.

Belligerents

Scottish Royalists and Irish Catholic Confederate troops

Scottish Covenanters

Commanders and leaders

James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose

Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll and David Leslie

Strength

Fluctuating, 2000–4000 troops at any one time

over 30,000 troops, but many based in England and Ireland

Casualties and losses

Total of 28,000 battlefield deaths on both sides, more soldiers die from disease, c. 45,000 civilian deaths, both from disease and deliberate targeting

v t e Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms

Newburn Marston Moor Tippermuir Aberdeen (1644) Inverlochy Lagganmore Auldearn Carlisle Alford Kilsyth Philiphaugh Aberdeen (1646) Rhunahaorine Moss Dunaverty Mauchline Muir Preston Whiggamore Raid Stirling 1st Inverness 2nd Inverness Carbisdale Dunbar Inverkeithing Worcester Tullich Dalnaspidal

The Battle of Glen Fruin

Part of the Scottish clan wars

Date	7 February 1603
Location
Result	Clan Gregor victory

Belligerents

Clan Gregor,
allied men

Clan Colquhoun,
allied men

Commanders and leaders

Alasdair MacGregor of Glenstrae

Sir Humphrey Colquhoun of Luss

Strength

300–400 combined force

600–800 combined force, including a large proportion of cavalry

Casualties and losses

very light

200–300 dead

Main article: Royalist rising of 1651 to 1654

1603 Battle of Glen Fruin: 400 MacGregors ambush a large number of Colquhouns, they took no prisoners and killed 140. Two days before he assumed the title King of England, King James VI held a judicial review of the incident. The MacGregor name was banned

1644 Battle of Tippermuir: Marching towards Perth, the Duke of Montrose was blocked by Covenanters led by Lord Elcho, who commanded the garrison at Perth. Montrose was victorious and marched into Perth, to the discomfort of local clergy.

1645 Battle of Inverlochy: The Marquis of Montrose, after his success at the Battle of Tippermuir (see below), was being pursued by a Covenanting force led by the Marquis of Argyll and his Campbell clan (though a General Baillie also though he was in command and the two men could not stand the sight of one another!). Argyll's forces amounted to 3,000 experienced Highland fighters; Montrose had about half that but they were also well trained – and included a contingent of MacDonalds who had scores to settle with the Campbells. Montrose showed his skill as a general and confused Covenanters who were subsequently routed – it is said that 1,500 Campbells and their alliers were killed that day.

1645 Battle of Aldearn: While encamped at Auldearn, outside Nairn, Montrose was surprised by a large force of Covenanters but fought back and defeated them. The Covenanter army lost 2,000 men that day.

1645 Battle of Kilsyth: The Marquis of Montrose leads his royalist force of Highlanders and Irish to another victory at Kilsyth, leaving him in control of much of Scotland. In England, King Charles I was defeated at the Battle of Naseby against Cromwell.

1650 Battle of Dunbar: Oliver Cromwell advanced into Scotland, with 16,000 men, supported by ships along the east coast, in pursuit of King Charles I. The Scots army, led by David Leslie, thwarted his attempts to take the port of Leith and Cromwell retired to Dunbar. The pursuing Scottish army was badly organized for the battle, and Cromwell won not only won the battle, but was able to hold sway over most of Lowland Scotland.

1651 Battle of Worcester: After the Royalists were defeated by Cromwell at Dunbar in 1650, Charles II was nevertheless crowned at Scone in 1651. Harried by Cromwell, the King decided to march south into England, hoping for a popular rising in his favour. He was unsuccessful and Cromwell cornered him and his army at Worcester in September. The 28,000 "New Model Army" overwhelmed the 16,000 Royalist forces of Cromwell.

1666 Battle of Rullion Green: After the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, the king attempted to impose his Episcopalian ideas on the Church of Scotland, replacing clergy who would not co-operate. The new ministers were not popular and in November 1666 and there was a rebellion, starting in Galloway but spreading throughout the south-west. As the Covenanters advanced towards Edinburgh they were pursued by Sir Thomas (Tam) Dalyell who fought with 1,000 of them in the Pentland Hills at Rullion Green. The rebels were overwhelmed. Some were hung, many others were transported abroad.

1679 Battle of Bothwell Bridge: 10,000+ government forces, led by Monmouth and Graham of Claverhouse, dispersed 6,000 Covenanters who had gathered at Hamilton.

1689 Battle of Killiecrankie: The Jacobites, led by James Graham, Viscount Dundee, gathered at Killiecrankie. Many of the Highland clans assembled there in support of James VII, including; Cameron of Lochiel, MacLean of Duart, MacDonald, Stewart, McNeil, MacLeods and Fraser. The government forces of King William, under Hugh Mackay of Scourie, advanced through the Pass of Killiecrankie and joined battle. After a fierce conflict, government forces retreated. But the cost to the Jacobites was high, their commander, Viscount Dundee was killed by a musket shot. Just at this moment of victory, the Jacobite cause was lost as there was no-one of his stature to lead them.

1689 Battle of Dunkeld: After the death of James Graham, Viscount Dundee, at Killiecrankie, the Jacobite army had no leader of quality. In August, 5,000 clansmen attacked Dunkeld, held by a much smaller Government force of Cameronians. They fought a determined rear-guard action through the town, killing many of the attacking Jacobites in the process. Eventually, the Jacobites withdrew and, with the onset of winter, the Highlanders dispersed. With the defeat of James VII at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland the following year, Dunkeld was the last battle in Scotland in the 17th century to restore the Stewarts to the throne.

1690 Battle of the Boyne: Using finance and troops supplied by Louis XIV of France, James VII made a final attempt to regain his throne. He landed in Ireland where he had a large number of supporters amongst the Catholic community. King William (of Orange) personally led an army of 30,000 men, outnumbering the Jacobites. As James advanced towards Dublin, the armies met west of Drogheda, at the river Boyne. James was defeated and fled back to France.

1715 Battle of Sherrifmuir: The Earl of Mar, leading the Jacobite forces in support of James Francis Edward Stewart (the "Old Pretender"), had taken control of most of Scotland north of Perth. The government forces led by the Duke of Argyll advanced from the south and the two armies met on the hills of Sherrifmuir, east of Dunblane in November 1715. After an inconclusive battle, the Jacobites withdrew. The Old Pretender arrived in Scotland (much later than expected) in December 1715 but stayed only six weeks before being persuaded to return to France.

References

External links

Internet Movie Database
Proclamation styling James I King of Great Britain on October 20, 1604
The Calendar of State Papers Domestic: James I, 1603–1610
Project Gutenberg
Stewart Scotland on the official website of the British monarchy
Stuart Britain on the official website of the British monarchy
Jacobites on the official website of the British monarchy
[1] official Stuart website

Royal house House of Stuart
Preceded by House of Bruce	Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland 1371–1649	Vacant The Covenanters
Preceded by House of Tudor	Ruling house of the Kingdom of England 1603–1649	Vacant Commonwealth of England
Vacant The Covenanters	Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland 1660–1707	Titles merged by the Acts of Union 1707
Vacant Commonwealth of England	Ruling house of the Kingdom of England 1660–1707	Titles merged by the Acts of Union 1707
New title England and Scotland united	Ruling house of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707–1714	Succeeded by House of Hanover

English, Scottish and British monarchs

Monarchs of England before 1603	Monarchs of Scotland before 1603

Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Forkbeard Edmund Ironside Cnut the Great Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar the Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I	Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Canmore Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret First Interregnum John Second Interregnum Robert I David II Edward Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI

Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603

James I & VI Charles I Commonwealth Charles II James II & VII Mary II and William III & II Anne

British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707

Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II

Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

Royal Houses of Europe

Nordic countries

Denmark	Gorm Fairhair Knýtlinga Estridsen Griffins Palatinate-Neumarkt Oldenburg Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg

Finland	Bjelbo Mecklenburg Griffins Palatinate-Neumarkt Oldenburg Vasa Palatinate-Zweibrücken Hesse Holstein-Gottorp Romanov

Norway	Fairhair Knýtlinga Hardrada Gille Sverre Bjelbo Griffins Palatinate-Neumarkt Oldenburg Holstein-Gottorp Bernadotte Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg

Sweden	Munsö Stenkil Sverker Eric Bjelbo Mecklenburg Griffins Palatinate-Neumarkt Oldenburg Vasa Palatinate-Zweibrücken Hesse-Kassel Holstein-Gottorp Bernadotte

United Kingdom

England	Mercia Wuffing Kent Sussex Essex Bernicia Deira Northumbria Uí Ímair Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Stuart Orange-Nassau

Scotland	Fergus Óengus Strathclyde Mann and the Isles Alpin Northumbria Bernicia Uí Ímair Galloway Dunkeld Sverre Balliol Bruce Stuart Orange-Nassau

Wales	Dinefwr Aberffraw Gwynedd Mathrafal Cunedda

Ireland	Ulaid Dál Cuinn/Connachta Laigin Uí Fidgenti Uí Liatháin Eóganachta (including Mac Cárthaigh) Dáirine / Érainn (including Corcu Loígde) Dál gCais Bruce Tudor Stuart Orange-Nassau Hanover

Great Britain	Stuart Hanover Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Windsor

Eastern Europe

Albania	Angevin Progon Arianiti Thopia Kastrioti Dukagjini Osman Wied Zogu Savoy

Armenia	Orontid Artaxiad Arsacid Bagratid Artsruni Rubenids Hethumids Lusignans Savoy Romanov

Bosnia	Boričević Kulinić Kotromanić Osman Habsburg-Lorraine

Bulgaria	Dulo Cometopuli Asen Terter Shishman Ottoman Battenberg Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Croatia	Trpimirović Domagojević Svačić Árpád Angevin Osman Luxembourg Habsburg Habsburg-Lorraine Bonaparte Savoy (disputed)

Georgia	Pharnabazid Chosroid Guaramid Arsacid Artaxiad Liparitid Nersianid Bagratid (Bagrationi of Kartli, Kakheti and Imereti) Chikovani Sidamoni Dadiani Gelovani Dadeshkeliani Jaqeli Gurieli Shervashidze Romanov

Greece	Doukas Komnenos Angelos Laskaris Palaiologos Osman Wittelsbach Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg

Moldavia	Bogdan-Muşat Movilești Drăculeşti Ghica Cantacuzene Cantemirești Romanov Racoviță Mavrocordato Ypsilantis Soutzos Mourousi Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen House of Basarab

Montenegro	Vojislavljević Balšić Crnojević Petrović

Romania	House of Basarab Bogdan-Mușat Movilești Drăculești Ghica Cantacuzene Cantemirești Romanov Racoviță Mavrocordato Ypsilantis Soutzos Mourousi Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Romania/Royal family

Russia	Rurik Borjigin Godunov Shuysky Vasa Romanov

Serbia	Vlastimirović Vojislavljević Vukanović Nemanjić Lazarević Branković Balšić Crnojević Osman Habsburg Obrenović Karađorđević

Turkey	Seljuq Osman

Ukraine	Rurikids Gediminids Olshanski Olelkovich Giray Romanov Habsburg-Lorraine

Western Europe

Austria	Babenberg Habsburg Habsburg-Lorraine

Belgium	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Bohemia	Přemyslid Luxembourg Jagiellon Habsburg Habsburg-Lorraine

France	Merovingian Carolingian Capet Valois Bourbon Bonaparte Orléans

Germany	Ascania Carolingian Conradines Ottonian Luitpolding Salian Süpplingenburg Hohenstaufen Welf Habsburg Hanover Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Nassau Luxembourg Wittelsbach Schaumburg Schwarzburg Brunswick-Lüneburg House of Pomerania Hohenzollern Württemberg Oldenburg Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Orange-Nassau Nassau-Weilburg Mecklenburg Vasa Pfalz-Zweibrücken Hesse Holstein-Gottorp Romanov Bonaparte Wettin Lippe

Hungary	Árpád Přemyslid Wittelsbach Angevin Luxembourg Hunyadi Jagiellon Szapolyai Habsburg Habsburg-Lorraine

Gaelic Ireland	Laigin Síl Conairi Ulaid Dáirine Osraige Cruthin Dál nAraidi Connachta Uí Fiachrach Uí Briúin Uí Néill Síl nÁedo Sláine Clann Cholmáin Eóganachta Chaisil Glendamnach Raithlind Uí Dúnlainge Uí Ímair (Norse) Uí Ceinnselaig Dál gCais Ó Briain Mac Carthaig Ó Conchobhair Ó Ruairc De Burgh (Norman) FitzGerald (Norman) Ó Domhnaill Ó Néill

Italy	Acciaioli Barberini Bentivoglio Bonaparte Borghese Borgia Borromeo Bourbon-Parma Bourbon-Two Sicilies Chigi Colonna Della Rovere Della Torre Este Farnese Flavian Gonzaga Grimaldi Julio-Claudian Malatesta Medici Montefeltro Nerva–Antonine Orsini Pallavicini Pamphili Savoy Severan Sforza Torlonia Visconti

Liechtenstein	Liechtenstein

Lithuania	Mindaugas Gediminids Jagiellon Valois Báthory Vasa Wiśniowiecki Sobieski Wettin Leszczyński Poniatowski Romanov

Luxembourg	Orange-Nassau Nassau-Weilburg Bourbon-Parma

Monaco	Grimaldi

Netherlands	Bonaparte Orange-Nassau

Poland	Piast Přemyslid Samborides Griffins Jagiellon Valois Báthory Vasa Wiśniowiecki Sobieski Wettin Leszczyński Poniatowski Romanov

Portugal	Vímara Peres Jiménez Borgonha Aviz Habsburgo Braganza Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Spain	Asturias Barcelona Jiménez Burgundy Champagne Capet Évreux Trastámara Habsburg Bourbon Bonaparte Savoy

af:Huis van Stuart

ar:ستيوارت bs:Dinastija Stuart cs:Stuartovci de:Haus Stuart et:Stuartid es:Casa de Estuardo eo:Stuartoj fr:Maison Stuart gl:Casa de Estuardo ko:스튜어트 왕가 hr:Dinastija Stuart id:Wangsa Stuart he:בית סטיוארט lv:Stjuartu dinastija hu:Stuart-ház mk:Стјуартска династија nl:Huis Stuart ja:ステュアート朝 no:Huset Stuart pl:Stuartowie pt:Casa de Stuart ru:Стюарты simple:House of Stuart sk:Stuartovci fi:Stuart-suku sv:Huset Stuart zh:斯图亚特王朝

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Stuart period (England)

Stuart period (England)

Contents

Flags, coins and styles (1606–1707)

Lifestyles of the period

Social lifestyles

Political society

Public transport

Science and technology

Literature and art

Notable events

Gunpowder Plot (1605)

English Civil War (1629-1651)

Interregnum – Restoration (1651–1660)

Great Plague of London (1665)

Great Fire of London (1666)

Glorious Revolution (1688)

Acts of Union (1707)

Stuart family Monarchs (1603–1714)

See also

References

External links

Suggestions

Venetia Stanley

Encyclopedia Article

Caroline era

Encyclopedia Article